Sensors used in Robotics
The use of sensors in robots has taken them into the next level of creativity. Most importantly, the sensors have increased the performance of robots to a large extent. It also allows the robots to perform several functions like a human being. The robots are even made intelligent with the help of Visual Sensors (generally called as machine vision or computer vision), which helps them to respond according to the situation. The Machine Vision system is classified into six sub-divisions such as Pre-processing, Sensing, Recognition, Description, Interpretation, and Segmentation.
Different types of sensors: There are plenty of sensors used in the robots, and some of the important types are listed below:
Range Sensor: Range Sensor is implemented in the end effector of a robot to calculate the distance between the sensor and a work part. The values for the distance can be given by the workers on visual data. It can evaluate the size of images and analysis of common objects. The range is measured using the Sonar receivers & transmitters or two TV cameras.
Tactile Sensors: A sensing device that specifies the contact between an object, and sensor is considered as the Tactile Sensor. This sensor can be sorted into two key types namely:
The force sensor is included for calculating the forces of several functions like the machine loading & unloading, material handling, and so on that are performed by a robot. This sensor will also be a better one in the assembly process for checking the problems. There are several techniques used in this sensor like Joint Sensing, Robot – Wrist Force Sensing, and Tactile Array Sensing.
The use of sensors in robots has taken them into the next level of creativity. Most importantly, the sensors have increased the performance of robots to a large extent. It also allows the robots to perform several functions like a human being. The robots are even made intelligent with the help of Visual Sensors (generally called as machine vision or computer vision), which helps them to respond according to the situation. The Machine Vision system is classified into six sub-divisions such as Pre-processing, Sensing, Recognition, Description, Interpretation, and Segmentation.
Different types of sensors: There are plenty of sensors used in the robots, and some of the important types are listed below:
- Proximity Sensor,
- Range Sensor, and
- Tactile Sensor.
Range Sensor: Range Sensor is implemented in the end effector of a robot to calculate the distance between the sensor and a work part. The values for the distance can be given by the workers on visual data. It can evaluate the size of images and analysis of common objects. The range is measured using the Sonar receivers & transmitters or two TV cameras.
Tactile Sensors: A sensing device that specifies the contact between an object, and sensor is considered as the Tactile Sensor. This sensor can be sorted into two key types namely:
- Touch Sensor, and
- Force Sensor.
The force sensor is included for calculating the forces of several functions like the machine loading & unloading, material handling, and so on that are performed by a robot. This sensor will also be a better one in the assembly process for checking the problems. There are several techniques used in this sensor like Joint Sensing, Robot – Wrist Force Sensing, and Tactile Array Sensing.
Various types of sensors
infra-red sensors:
Introduction An infrared sensor is an electronic instrument that is used to sense certain characteristics of its surroundings by either emitting and/or detecting infrared radiation. It is also capable of measuring heat of an object and detecting motion. Infrared waves are not visible to the human eye.
In the electromagnetic spectrum, infrared radiation is the region having wavelengths longer than visible light wavelengths, but shorter than microwaves. The infrared region is approximately demarcated from 0.75 to 1000µm. The wavelength region from 0.75 to 3µm is termed as near infrared, the region from 3 to 6µm is termed mid-infrared, and the region higher than 6µm is termed as far infrared.
Infrared technology is found in many of our everyday products. For example, TV has an IR detector for interpreting the signal from the remote control. Key benefits of infrared sensors include low power requirements, simple circuitry, and their portable feature.
Types of Infra-Red Sensors Infra-red sensors are broadly classified into two types:
Thirdly, optical components such as optical lenses made from quartz, CaF2, Ge and Si, polyethylene Fresnel lenses, and Al or Au mirrors, are used to converge or focus infrared radiation. Likewise, to limit spectral response, band-pass filters are ideal.
Finally, the infrared detector completes the system for detecting infrared radiation. The output from the detector is usually very small, and hence pre-amplifiers coupled with circuitry are added to further process the received signals.
Applications The following are the key application areas of infrared sensors:
Introduction An infrared sensor is an electronic instrument that is used to sense certain characteristics of its surroundings by either emitting and/or detecting infrared radiation. It is also capable of measuring heat of an object and detecting motion. Infrared waves are not visible to the human eye.
In the electromagnetic spectrum, infrared radiation is the region having wavelengths longer than visible light wavelengths, but shorter than microwaves. The infrared region is approximately demarcated from 0.75 to 1000µm. The wavelength region from 0.75 to 3µm is termed as near infrared, the region from 3 to 6µm is termed mid-infrared, and the region higher than 6µm is termed as far infrared.
Infrared technology is found in many of our everyday products. For example, TV has an IR detector for interpreting the signal from the remote control. Key benefits of infrared sensors include low power requirements, simple circuitry, and their portable feature.
Types of Infra-Red Sensors Infra-red sensors are broadly classified into two types:
- Thermal infrared sensors – These use infrared energy as heat. Their photo sensitivity is independent of wavelength. Thermal detectors do not require cooling; however, they have slow response times and low detection capability.
- Quantum infrared sensors – These provide higher detection performance and faster response speed. Their photo sensitivity is dependent on wavelength. Quantum detectors have to be cooled so as to obtain accurate measurements. The only exception is for detectors that are used in the near infrared region.
Thirdly, optical components such as optical lenses made from quartz, CaF2, Ge and Si, polyethylene Fresnel lenses, and Al or Au mirrors, are used to converge or focus infrared radiation. Likewise, to limit spectral response, band-pass filters are ideal.
Finally, the infrared detector completes the system for detecting infrared radiation. The output from the detector is usually very small, and hence pre-amplifiers coupled with circuitry are added to further process the received signals.
Applications The following are the key application areas of infrared sensors:
- Tracking and art history
- Climatology, meteorology, and astronomy
- Thermography, communications, and alcohol testing
- Heating, hyperspectral imaging, and night vision
- Biological systems, photobiomodulation, and plant health
- Gas detectors/gas leak detection
- Water and steel analysis, flame detection
- Anesthesiology testing and spectroscopy
- Petroleum exploration and underground solution
- Rail safety.